A. 食道為一肌肉管,內襯為重層扁皮上皮(stratified squamous epithelium)
B. 直徑約1/2~3/4 英吋,長度約12 英吋
C. 形狀有如“反S“
a. 先在上縱膈層次左曲
b. 再於主動脈弓(aortic arch)層次右曲
c. 最後,食道末端會在穿過橫膈的食道裂孔(esophageal hiatus)時左曲並連接到胃(stomach)。此段為食道的最狹窄處
二、食道的肌肉組成:
A. 最上方1/3 為骨骼肌,因此當食物或異物下行至此處時可由意識控制,將其吐出來
B. 中間1/3 骨骼肌與平滑肌皆有,當食物下行至此時較難以意識控制嘔吐反應
C. 最下方1/3 只含有平滑肌,此時只能靠反射動作將異物吐出
D. 在食道裂孔處會有生理性賁門括約肌(physiologic cardiac sphincter muscle)
a. 無明顯的解剖構造,但有實際的生理功能
b. 其形成原因可能有食道黏膜的突起、食道環狀肌的增厚、胃小彎的肌條往上環繞食道,或韌帶、肌肉附著於橫膈等所致
c. 當賁門括約肌偵測到食物下來所形成的張力時,便會打開賁門
d. 失弛症(achalasia):賁門括約肌無法鬆弛,當食物接近賁門時,會強迫食道擴張開來,因而引起胸痛
e. 若賁門括約肌張太開,容易造成胃食道逆流
資料來源:netterimages
三、食道由下列神經支配:
A. 交感神經幹(sympathetic trunk)的分支
B. 內臟大神經(greater splenchnic nerve)的分支
C. 喉返神經(recurrent laryngeal nerve)與副神經(spinal accessory nerve)支配食道的骨骼肌(起源自第六咽弓)
D. 迷走神經支配平滑肌部分(副交感)
四、食道由下列動脈所支配:
A. 左下甲狀腺動脈(left inferior thyroid artery)
B. 支氣管動脈(bronchial artery)
C. 主動脈的食道分支
D. 從腹腔軸(celiac axis)發出的胃左動脈(left gastric artery)
E. 膈動脈(phrenic artery)
7. 食道靜脈曲張(esophageal varices):和肝門循環有關
五、食道三狹窄
A. 咽食道狹窄(Pharyngoesophageal constriction):此為食道的起點,也是最狹窄的狹窄處
B. 主動脈氣管狹窄(Thoracic (aortobronchial) constriction):主動脈轉彎與氣管向後壓迫食道
主動脈弓位於體表的landmark:胸骨角(為胸骨體和胸骨柄的交接處,連接第二肋骨,T4、T5高度,同時氣管分叉也是這個高度
C. Diaphragmatic constriction(橫膈狹窄)
食道與胃的接合(esophagogastric junction)又稱Z line:食道為複層上皮,胃部為單層柱狀上皮,強酸的胃液進入食道的話會使複層上皮轉為單層柱狀上皮,由於型態改變而易產生癌化,因此藉生理性括約肌(physiologic sphincter),功能為阻擋胃液逆流。若其收縮不良,會造成胃食道逆流,引起「火燒心(台語)」(heartburn)。
肉眼觀察食道呈淡粉紅色,因為上皮很厚;而胃呈鮮紅色,因為胃上皮薄,可見底下的血管(沒對齊)
資料來源:studyblue
六、組織學
1.Mucosa:有epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa
A. 重層扁皮上皮(人:未角化,但受過傷後則可能角化)
B. Lamina propria:loose C.T ,含有食道賁門腺 (esophageal gland),可分泌mucin
C. Muscularis mucosa:剛開始時無,在後段只有一層縱走的肌肉
2.Submucosa:由loose C.T 組成,含有食道腺 (esophageal gland),可分泌mucin
3.Muscularis:肌肉走向為內環外縱,其組成之肌肉有兩種
A. 上段:2 層均為骨骼肌(走向較亂),收縮力量較大,可幫助吞嚥
B. 中段:平滑肌逐漸出現於骨骼肌之間,越往下越多
C. 下段:2 層均是平滑肌
4.Adventitia 或serosa: loose C.T 組成
資料來源:histology-world
參見:內臟管(visceral tube)
一、食道附近的構造:
A. 前方:喉、氣管、淋巴結(lymph nodes)、心臟、心包膜,以及前迷走神經(anterior
vagus nerve)
※注意:左迷走神經left vagus nerve,由食道左方轉向前方,成為前迷走神經anterior
vagus nerve。前述第六點迷走神經(vagus nerve)中有說明
B. 後方:脊柱、降主動脈(descending
aorta)、胸管(thoracic duct)、奇靜脈(azygos vein)、
肋間血管(intercostal vessels),以及後迷走神經(posterior vagus nerve)
※注意:右迷走神經right vagus nerve,由食道右方轉向後方,成為後迷走神經posterior
vagus nerve
C. 右方:右肺、奇靜脈
D. 左方:鎖骨下動脈(subclavian
artery)、總頸動脈(common carotid artery)、主動脈弓、
降主動脈(descending
aorta)二、食道的肌肉組成:
A. 最上方1/3 為骨骼肌,因此當食物或異物下行至此處時可由意識控制,將其吐出來
B. 中間1/3 骨骼肌與平滑肌皆有,當食物下行至此時較難以意識控制嘔吐反應
C. 最下方1/3 只含有平滑肌,此時只能靠反射動作將異物吐出
D. 在食道裂孔處會有生理性賁門括約肌(physiologic cardiac sphincter muscle)
a. 無明顯的解剖構造,但有實際的生理功能
b. 其形成原因可能有食道黏膜的突起、食道環狀肌的增厚、胃小彎的肌條往上環繞食道,或韌帶、肌肉附著於橫膈等所致
c. 當賁門括約肌偵測到食物下來所形成的張力時,便會打開賁門
d. 失弛症(achalasia):賁門括約肌無法鬆弛,當食物接近賁門時,會強迫食道擴張開來,因而引起胸痛
e. 若賁門括約肌張太開,容易造成胃食道逆流
資料來源:netterimages
三、食道由下列神經支配:
A. 交感神經幹(sympathetic trunk)的分支
B. 內臟大神經(greater splenchnic nerve)的分支
C. 喉返神經(recurrent laryngeal nerve)與副神經(spinal accessory nerve)支配食道的骨骼肌(起源自第六咽弓)
D. 迷走神經支配平滑肌部分(副交感)
四、食道由下列動脈所支配:
A. 左下甲狀腺動脈(left inferior thyroid artery)
B. 支氣管動脈(bronchial artery)
C. 主動脈的食道分支
D. 從腹腔軸(celiac axis)發出的胃左動脈(left gastric artery)
E. 膈動脈(phrenic artery)
7. 食道靜脈曲張(esophageal varices):和肝門循環有關
五、食道三狹窄
A. 咽食道狹窄(Pharyngoesophageal constriction):此為食道的起點,也是最狹窄的狹窄處
B. 主動脈氣管狹窄(Thoracic (aortobronchial) constriction):主動脈轉彎與氣管向後壓迫食道
主動脈弓位於體表的landmark:胸骨角(為胸骨體和胸骨柄的交接處,連接第二肋骨,T4、T5高度,同時氣管分叉也是這個高度
C. Diaphragmatic constriction(橫膈狹窄)
食道與胃的接合(esophagogastric junction)又稱Z line:食道為複層上皮,胃部為單層柱狀上皮,強酸的胃液進入食道的話會使複層上皮轉為單層柱狀上皮,由於型態改變而易產生癌化,因此藉生理性括約肌(physiologic sphincter),功能為阻擋胃液逆流。若其收縮不良,會造成胃食道逆流,引起「火燒心(台語)」(heartburn)。
肉眼觀察食道呈淡粉紅色,因為上皮很厚;而胃呈鮮紅色,因為胃上皮薄,可見底下的血管(沒對齊)
資料來源:studyblue
六、組織學
1.Mucosa:有epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa
A. 重層扁皮上皮(人:未角化,但受過傷後則可能角化)
B. Lamina propria:loose C.T ,含有食道賁門腺 (esophageal gland),可分泌mucin
C. Muscularis mucosa:剛開始時無,在後段只有一層縱走的肌肉
2.Submucosa:由loose C.T 組成,含有食道腺 (esophageal gland),可分泌mucin
3.Muscularis:肌肉走向為內環外縱,其組成之肌肉有兩種
A. 上段:2 層均為骨骼肌(走向較亂),收縮力量較大,可幫助吞嚥
B. 中段:平滑肌逐漸出現於骨骼肌之間,越往下越多
C. 下段:2 層均是平滑肌
4.Adventitia 或serosa: loose C.T 組成
資料來源:histology-world
參見:內臟管(visceral tube)
▼消化道(Digestive tract)
顯示/隱藏(show/hide)
I find something in herbal medicine good to share on here with anyone suffering from the disease such as HIV, Herpes, Hepatitis or Chronic Lyme Disease,Parkinson's disease,Schizophrenia,Lung Cancer,Breast Cancer,Colo-Rectal Cancer,Blood Cancer,Prostate Cancer,siva.Fatal Familial Insomnia Factor V Leiden Mutation ,Epilepsy Dupuytren's disease,Desmoplastic small-round-cell tumor Diabetes ,Coeliac disease,Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease,Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy, Ataxia,Arthritis,Amyotrophic Lateral Scoliosis,Fibromyalgia,Fluoroquinolone ToxicitySyndrome Fibrodysplasia Ossificans ProgresSclerosis,Seizures,Alzheimer's disease,Adrenocortical carcinoma.Asthma,Allergic diseases.Hiv_ Aids,Herpe ,Copd,Glaucoma., Cataracts,Macular degeneration,Cardiovascular disease,Lung disease.Enlarged prostate,Osteoporosis.Alzheimer's disease,
回覆刪除Dementia.
Lupus as well.Dr Itua herbal made cure my HIV and gave me hope that he can cure all types of diseases I believed him) I do the best of myself that I can do, I went for a program in west Africa about fashion on another side I was HIV positive. I walk through a nearby village for our program schedule then I found a signage notice that says Dr Itua Herbal Center then I asked my colleagues what all about this very man called Dr Itua, She told me that he's a herbal doctor and he can cure all kind of disease i walked to him and explain myself to him as I'm a strangler out there he prepared me herbal medicine and told me how to drink it for two weeks, when I get to my hotel room I take a look at it then says a prayer before I drank it not knowing after two weeks I went to test and I found out I was negative I ran to him to pay him more but he refuses and says I should share his works for me around the globe so sick people can see as well. I'm writing a lot about him this season so that is how I was cured by drinking Dr Itua herbal medicine, He's A caring man with godly heart. Well - everything I decided all go through for me well and how you're going to treat this new aspect to your life. You don't have to suffer alone, and it's okay to ask for help. It also doesn't have to be a constant demon, as you'll get to know your body and yourself in a much deeper way than most people. Take advantage of this, as it will help you appreciate Africa Herbal Made.
Dr Itua Contact Information.
Email...drituaherbalcenter@gmail.comWhatsapp Number....+2348149277967
讚
回覆刪除