食道(esophagus)

A. 食道為一肌肉管,內襯為重層扁皮上皮(stratified squamous epithelium
B. 直徑約1/2~3/4 英吋,長度約12 英吋
C. 形狀有如S
a. 先在上縱膈層次左曲
b. 再於主動脈弓(aortic arch)層次右曲
c. 最後,食道末端會在穿過橫膈的食道裂孔(esophageal hiatus)時左曲並連接到胃(stomach)。此段為食道的最狹窄處
一、食道附近的構造:
A. 前方:喉、氣管、淋巴結(lymph nodes)、心臟、心包膜,以及前迷走神經(anterior
vagus nerve
※注意:左迷走神經left vagus nerve,由食道左方轉向前方,成為前迷走神經anterior
vagus nerve。前述第六點迷走神經(vagus nerve)中有說明
B. 後方:脊柱、降主動脈(descending aorta)、胸管(thoracic duct)、奇靜脈(azygos vein)、
肋間血管(intercostal vessels),以及後迷走神經(posterior vagus nerve
※注意:右迷走神經right vagus nerve,由食道右方轉向後方,成為後迷走神經posterior
vagus nerve
C. 右方:右肺、奇靜脈
D. 左方:鎖骨下動脈(subclavian artery)、總頸動脈(common carotid artery)、主動脈弓、
降主動脈(descending aorta
二、食道的肌肉組成:
A. 最上方1/3 為骨骼肌,因此當食物或異物下行至此處時可由意識控制,將其吐出來
B. 中間1/3 骨骼肌與平滑肌皆有,當食物下行至此時較難以意識控制嘔吐反應
C. 最下方1/3 只含有平滑肌,此時只能靠反射動作將異物吐出
D. 在食道裂孔處會有生理性賁門括約肌(physiologic cardiac sphincter muscle)
a. 無明顯的解剖構造,但有實際的生理功能
b. 其形成原因可能有食道黏膜的突起、食道環狀肌的增厚、胃小彎的肌條往上環繞食道,或韌帶、肌肉附著於橫膈等所致
c. 當賁門括約肌偵測到食物下來所形成的張力時,便會打開賁門
d. 失弛症(achalasia):賁門括約肌無法鬆弛,當食物接近賁門時,會強迫食道擴張開來,因而引起胸痛
e. 若賁門括約肌張太開,容易造成胃食道逆流

資料來源:netterimages
三、食道由下列神經支配:
A. 交感神經幹(sympathetic trunk)的分支
B. 內臟大神經(greater splenchnic nerve)的分支
C. 喉返神經(recurrent laryngeal nerve)與副神經(spinal accessory nerve)支配食道的骨骼肌(起源自第六咽弓)
D. 迷走神經支配平滑肌部分(副交感)
四、食道由下列動脈所支配:
A. 左下甲狀腺動脈(left inferior thyroid artery)
B. 支氣管動脈(bronchial artery)
C. 主動脈的食道分支
D. 從腹腔軸(celiac axis)發出的胃左動脈(left gastric artery)
E. 膈動脈(phrenic artery)
7. 食道靜脈曲張(esophageal varices):和肝門循環有關
五、食道三狹窄
A. 咽食道狹窄(Pharyngoesophageal constriction):此為食道的起點,也是最狹窄的狹窄處
B. 主動脈氣管狹窄(Thoracic (aortobronchial) constriction):主動脈轉彎與氣管向後壓迫食道
 主動脈弓位於體表的landmark:胸骨角(為胸骨體和胸骨柄的交接處,連接第二肋骨,T4、T5高度,同時氣管分叉也是這個高度
C. Diaphragmatic constriction(橫膈狹窄)
 食道與胃的接合(esophagogastric junction)又稱Z line:食道為複層上皮,胃部為單層柱狀上皮,強酸的胃液進入食道的話會使複層上皮轉為單層柱狀上皮,由於型態改變而易產生癌化,因此藉生理性括約肌(physiologic sphincter),功能為阻擋胃液逆流。若其收縮不良,會造成胃食道逆流,引起「火燒心(台語)」(heartburn)。
 肉眼觀察食道呈淡粉紅色,因為上皮很厚;而胃呈鮮紅色,因為胃上皮薄,可見底下的血管(沒對齊)

資料來源:studyblue
六、組織學
1.Mucosa:有epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa
A. 重層扁皮上皮(人:未角化,但受過傷後則可能角化)
B. Lamina propria:loose C.T ,含有食道賁門腺 (esophageal gland),可分泌mucin
C. Muscularis mucosa:剛開始時無,在後段只有一層縱走的肌肉
2.Submucosa:由loose C.T 組成,含有食道腺 (esophageal gland),可分泌mucin
3.Muscularis:肌肉走向為內環外縱,其組成之肌肉有兩種
A. 上段:2 層均為骨骼肌(走向較亂),收縮力量較大,可幫助吞嚥
B. 中段:平滑肌逐漸出現於骨骼肌之間,越往下越多
C. 下段:2 層均是平滑肌
4.Adventitia 或serosa: loose C.T 組成


資料來源:histology-world
參見:內臟管(visceral tube)
▼消化道(Digestive tract) 顯示/隱藏(show/hide)

2 意見:

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