動脈粥狀硬化(atherosclerosis)

血中過多的低密度膽固醇,所以會穿過血管內皮細胞(endothelial cell of blood vessel),形成氧化型LDL,在粥狀硬化過程中,單核顆粒(monocytes)受到氧化型低密度脂蛋白(oxidized LDL)的趨化作用,而穿過內皮細胞進入血管壁中,再分化為滿載油脂的巨噬細胞(macrophages),巨噬細胞則會與氧化型低密度脂蛋白形成泡沫細胞(foam cell),所形成的泡沬細胞(foam cell)此是粥狀硬化的開始。氧化型低密度脂蛋白不但會抑制單核顆粒離開血管壁,同時也會傷害內皮細胞和讓其功能失調;在血管壁內皮細胞功能失調上,先是改變血管壁的通透性,接著增加內皮細胞(endothelium)和白血球(leukocyte)的附著分子會,白血球則會大量的遷移到血管壁上,而使得內皮細胞的功能失調。慢慢的泡沬細胞(foam cell)的中心會開始壞死,再接著產生脂肪層,一步步的完成粥狀動脈硬化。

當血管放入支架後,時間久了,內皮細胞會和支架產生反應(因為支架為外來物),被支架撐開的空腔會變小,經過好幾年再去做血管攝影,可以看到放置支架處的血管變狹窄了,此現象稱為in-stent re-stenosis,為內皮細胞下的平滑肌增生所致
巨噬細胞在粥狀硬化的過程中會合成脂蛋白分解酶和釋出腫瘤壞死因子(tumor necrosis factor,簡稱TNF-α)。脂蛋白分解 酶是高三酸甘油脂脂蛋白代謝中的重要酵素,一般動脈中的脂蛋白分解酶的活性很低,但在粥狀硬化過程中,脂蛋白分解酶卻會被活化,讓帶有主體脂蛋白E的脂蛋白容易與細胞或細胞外的基質結合而滯留血管壁中,使低密度脂蛋白的微粒變得更容易被粥狀化的型式。脂蛋白分解 酶同時也是單核顆粒的附著分子,和前粥狀硬化因子(proatherogenic factor)-腫瘤壞死因子(TNF-α)的基因調節的訊息分子。而腫瘤壞死因子(TNF-α)則在粥狀硬化過中扮演重要的角色,如泡沫細胞(foam cell)形成和巨噬細胞的聚集等,腫瘤壞死因子都是誘發因子。
最後增大的plaques破裂及血小板引發的thrombosis
資料來源:台北榮民總醫院
plaque的形成與破裂

資料來源:medinfo-bg
一、好發部位
粥狀硬化好發部位以主動脈(尤其是腹主動脈)、冠狀動脈、腦動脈及腎動脈等大、中型動脈較常見;其他常見粥腫形成者,例如在急轉彎或分枝部位常被渦流衝擊而易受損傷之動脈、因缺乏心肌支持而較易受損之心包脂肪內冠狀動脈等

資料來源:scientific-art

資料來源:維基百科

二、危險因子
抽煙、高血壓、高血脂(或血脂異常)、糖尿病(高血糖)容易造成內皮細胞功能異常,是造成動脈粥狀硬化及冠心病的四大危險因子;停經:年輕女性有足夠的賀爾蒙,所以比較不會有心臟問題,但是到了更年期,心臟就比較可能出現問題
資料來源:國防大學國防醫學院
三、NO

A. NO平常是由Arginine(精胺酸)在內皮細胞中經由NOS(NO synthase,一氧化氮合成酶)的代謝產生的
B. Risk factors過多會讓內皮細胞的變性、NOS減少,進而造成NO減少、O2-自由基(free radical)增加,並對細胞產生許多影響:
a. Monocyte會經由血管壁跑到內層,甚至分泌ICAM(intercellular adhesion molecule)、VCAM(vascular cell adhesion melecule)
b. 而血脂也會跟著進來細胞,細胞若吸收過多脂肪會形成泡沫細胞(foam cell),泡沫細胞會分泌ㄧ些growth factors,如EDRF(endothelium-derived relaxing factor)等,使血管平滑肌細胞(即圖中的VSMC,vascular smooth muscle cell)增生(proliferation)、移轉(migration,從中層跑到內層去)
c. 血小板(platelets)也會產生血栓的一些問題

參見:metabolic syndrome(代謝症候群)

6 意見:

  1. Atherosclerosis的影片講解十分清楚,對學習十分有幫助,ありがとうございます。

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  2. 長知識了,感謝!

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  3. 好棒的影片, 對CHD與Atheroclerosis又長知識了, 謝謝Pfizer!!!

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