1. BZDs 結合在GABAA receptor上,以異位調控( allosteric modulation)的方式增加receptor對GABA的反應,間接地使氯離子進入細胞內,控制神經傳遞
2. BZD與Barbiturates、alcohol的機轉相似,但有些差異
* 比較:Barbiturates、alcohol的濃度很高時可以直接使氯離子通道打開,不需要經過異位調控,這是他們與BZD的差別。這也是為何Barbiturates、alcohol對中樞的副作用比BZD來的大
參見:GABA受器(GABA receptor)
資料來源:basic-clinical-pharmacology
GABAA receptor- chloride ion channel:
GABAA receptor由α、β次單元組成,上面有
GABA結合位
BZD、Flumazenil (是BZD的拮抗藥物)、Zolpidem (結構不像BZD但是相同作用位置)的結合位
Barbiturates的結合位,跟上面幾種藥的結合位相離很遠
二、GABA作用在GABAA receptor時氯離子通道打開,氯離子由細胞外進到細胞內。若有同時BZD作用時(還是要先有GABA),氯離子進入的量更多,使細胞過極化,導致神經的興奮性下降,產生鎮靜安眠的作用
資料來源:cnsforum
三、停藥後可能出現症狀
1.戒斷症狀(Withdrawal symptoms):包括失眠,頭痛, 焦慮,疲倦,躁動不安 ,思考困難,噁心嘔吐、腹瀉、體重減輕、流汗、心跳增加
2.復發(Relapse):停藥後症狀(如失眠)回復到無投藥的情況
3.反彈(Rebound):停藥後症狀比投藥前更糟糕
四、作用
呼吸系統:低劑量下或醫師指定劑量下幾乎沒有影響,高劑量可能窒息(apnea)
心血管系統:影響不大
腸胃道:改善因壓力引起的潰瘍,因此類藥物可幫助鎮靜助眠使壓力得以 釋放,但對感染造成的潰瘍無作用
解焦慮(for relief of anxiety)
改善失眠(insomnia)
在外科手術前的麻醉過程中,作為一個輔助型藥物,除了有鎮靜功能外,也會有失憶(anesthesia)的作用
處理癲癇(epilepsy)發作(因為此藥有muscle relaxation的作用)
解除抑制(disinhibition):不受拘束、道德規範,隨心所欲做自己想做的事
depression:幾乎所有的BZD藥物均會有此症狀,但有人提出alprazolam不會導致此症狀的想法,不過尚未證實
五、藥物分為短效(3~8小時)、中效(10~20小時)與長效(1~3天)
* Citation needed for this table.
Drug Name | Common Brand Names* | Time to Peak (Onset of action in hours) | Elimination Half-Life (h)†[active metabolite] | Therapeutic use | Approximate Equivalent Dose‡ |
Alprazolam | Helex, Xanax, Xanor, Onax, Alprox, Restyl, Tafil, Paxal | 1-2 | 9–20 hours | anxiolytic | .5 mg |
Bretazenil[9] | N/A | ? | 2.5 hours | anxiolytic, anticonvulsant | 0.5 mg |
Bromazepam | Lectopam, Lexotanil, Lexotan, Bromam | 1-3 | 10–20 hours | anxiolytic | 5-6 mg |
Brotizolam | Lendormin, Dormex, Sintonal, Noctilan | 0.5-2 | 4–5 hours | hypnotic | 0.25 mg |
Chlordiazepoxide | Librium, Risolid, Elenium | 1.5-4 | 5–30 hours [36–200 hours] | anxiolytic | 25 mg |
Cinolazepam | Gerodorm | 0.5-2 | 9 hours | sedative | 40 mg |
Clonazepam | Rivotril, Klonopin,Iktorivil, Paxam | 1-4 | 18–50 hours | anxiolytic, anticonvulsant | .5 mg |
Clorazepate | Tranxene, Tranxilium | Variable | 36–100 hours | anxiolytic, anticonvulsant | 15 mg |
Clotiazepam | Veratran, Clozan, Rize | 1-3 | 6-18 hours | anxiolytic | 5-10 mg |
Cloxazolam | Sepazon, Olcadil | 2-5 (?) | 18–50 hours | anxiolytic, anticonvulsant | 1 mg |
Delorazepam | Dadumir | 1-2 | 60–140 hours | anxiolytic | 1 mg |
Diazepam | Antenex, Apaurin, Apzepam, Apozepam, Hexalid, Pax, Stesolid, Stedon, Valium, Vival, Valaxona | 1-1.5 | 20–100 hours [36-200] | anxiolytic, anticonvulsant,muscle relaxant | 10 mg |
Estazolam | ProSom | 1-5 | 10–24 hours | hypnotic | 2 mg |
Etizolam | Etilaam, Pasaden, Depas | 1-2 | 6 hours | anxiolytic, hypnotic | 1 mg |
Ethyl loflazepate | Victan, Meilax, Ronlax | 1.5 | 50-100 hours | anxiolytic | 2 mg |
Flunitrazepam | Rohypnol, Hipnosedon, Vulbegal, Fluscand, Flunipam, Ronal, Rohydorm, | 0.5-3 | 18–26 hours [36–200 hours] | hypnotic | 1 mg |
Flurazepam | Dalmadorm, Dalmane | 1-1.5 | 40–250 hours | hypnotic | 15–30 mg |
Flutoprazepam | Restas | 0.5-9 | 60–90 hours | hypnotic, anticonvulsant | 2–3 mg |
Halazepam | Paxipam | 1-3 | 30–100 hours | anxiolytic | 20–40 mg |
Ketazolam | Anxon | 2.5-3 | 30–100 hours [36-200] | anxiolytic | 15–30 mg |
Loprazolam | Dormonoct | 0.5-4 | 6–12 hours | hypnotic | 2 mg |
Lorazepam | Ativan, Lorenin, Lorsilan, Temesta, Tavor, Lorabenz | 2-4 | 10–20 hours | anxiolytic, anticonvulsant | 1mg |
Lormetazepam | Loramet, Noctamid, Pronoctan | 0.5-2 | 10–12 hours | hypnotic | 1.5 mg |
Medazepam | Nobrium | ? | 36–200 hours | anxiolytic | 10 mg |
Midazolam | Dormicum, Versed, Hypnovel, Dormonid | 0.5-1 | 3 hours (1.8–6 hours) | hypnotic, anticonvulsant | 7.5 mg |
Nimetazepam | Erimin | 0.5-3 | 14–30 hours | hypnotic | 5 mg |
Nitrazepam | Mogadon, Alodorm, Pacisyn, Dumolid, Nitrazadon | 0.5-7 | 15–38 hours | hypnotic, anticonvulsant | 10 mg |
Nordazepam | Madar, Stilny | ? | 50–120 hours | anxiolytic | 10 mg |
Oxazepam | Seresta, Serax, Serenid, Serepax, Sobril, Oxabenz, Oxapax, opamox | 3-4 | 4–15 hours | anxiolytic | 20 mg |
Phenazepam | Phenazepam | 1.5-4 | 60 hours | anxiolytic, anticonvulsant | 1 mg |
Pinazepam | Domar | ? | 40–100 hours | anxiolytic | 20 mg |
Prazepam | Lysanxia, Centrax | 2-6 | 36–200 hours | anxiolytic | 20 mg |
Premazepam | N/A | 2-6 | 10–13 hours | anxiolytic | 15 mg |
Pyrazolam | N/A | 1-1.5 | 9–11 hours | anxiolytic | 1.0 mg |
Quazepam | Doral | 1-5 | 39–120 hours | hypnotic | 20 mg |
Temazepam | Restoril, Normison, Euhypnos, Temaze, Tenox | 0.5-3 | 8–22 hours | hypnotic | 20 mg |
Tetrazepam | Myolastan | 1-3 | 3–26 hours | Skeletal muscle relaxant | 100 mg |
Triazolam | Halcion, Rilamir | 0.5-2 | 2 hours | hypnotic | 0.25 (.5 with oral bioavailability) mg |
1.長效藥物優點
投藥次數不需要很頻繁
較不會有interdose rebound與withdrawal的問題
2.長效藥物缺點
在肝腎不好的病人身上可能出現堆積
*大部分的BZD類藥物均經由肝臟的酵素代謝,但若病人是年紀大而導致肝功能衰退or罹患肝臟疾病時,代謝可能會有困難,導致accumulation
*短效藥物的優缺點與長效藥物正好相反
3. Clonazepam與Clorazeoate適合為癲癇發作時的輔助性用藥(chronic therapy for seizures)
4. Flurazepam與Quazepam較不易引起sleep rebound的作用
→相較之下,Triazolam最容易造成rebound insomnia
→因為Flurazepam為長效藥物,Triazolam為短效藥物
4. Alprazolam對恐慌症(panic disorder)非常有效,為其首選藥物
六、給藥方式
必須漸進式的給藥&停藥,不能斷然給藥&停藥
start low、go slow(給藥時以最低劑量為原則,慢慢給)
最理想的服藥方式為「空腹」狀態下服用;同時,若病人有在服用制酸劑(antacids),也請他暫時停用(∵制酸劑會影響藥物的吸收速率)
評估病人有沒有酗酒的問題(a history of alcohol),酗酒者藥效較差
七、苯二氮類藥物交互作用(drug interaction of Benzodiazepines, BZD)
投藥次數不需要很頻繁
較不會有interdose rebound與withdrawal的問題
2.長效藥物缺點
在肝腎不好的病人身上可能出現堆積
*大部分的BZD類藥物均經由肝臟的酵素代謝,但若病人是年紀大而導致肝功能衰退or罹患肝臟疾病時,代謝可能會有困難,導致accumulation
*短效藥物的優缺點與長效藥物正好相反
3. Clonazepam與Clorazeoate適合為癲癇發作時的輔助性用藥(chronic therapy for seizures)
4. Flurazepam與Quazepam較不易引起sleep rebound的作用
→相較之下,Triazolam最容易造成rebound insomnia
→因為Flurazepam為長效藥物,Triazolam為短效藥物
4. Alprazolam對恐慌症(panic disorder)非常有效,為其首選藥物
六、給藥方式
必須漸進式的給藥&停藥,不能斷然給藥&停藥
start low、go slow(給藥時以最低劑量為原則,慢慢給)
最理想的服藥方式為「空腹」狀態下服用;同時,若病人有在服用制酸劑(antacids),也請他暫時停用(∵制酸劑會影響藥物的吸收速率)
評估病人有沒有酗酒的問題(a history of alcohol),酗酒者藥效較差
七、苯二氮類藥物交互作用(drug interaction of Benzodiazepines, BZD)
▼腦(brain)
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