氧化還原電位(Redox potential)

E0 ’：氧化還原電位（Redox potential）
A. 物質失去電子或得到電子之傾向
a. 氧化電位：失電子的傾向
b. 還原電位：得電子的傾向
B. 自由能變化與氧化還原電位關係式
ΔGo,＝-nFE0
n：電子的莫耳數
F：法拉第常數（單位為23.062 Kcal/mol或96.5 KJ/mol）
C. 電子傳遞鏈過程中各物質的電位（pH＝7時）如下：

半反應	E° (V)[註 1]	來源
Ba+ + e−  Ba(s)	−4.38	[10][1][3]
Sr+ + e−  Sr(s)	−4.10	[11][1][3]
Ca+ + e−  Ca(s)	−3.8	[11][1][3]
Pr3+ +  e−  Pr2+	−3.1	[11]
N2(g) + H+ + e−  HN3(aq)	−3.09	[6]
Li+ + e−  Li(s)	−3.0401	[5]
N2(g) + 4 H2O + 2 e−  2 NH2OH(aq) + 2 OH−	−3.04	[6]
Cs+ + e−  Cs(s)	−3.026	[5]
Ca(OH)2(s) + 2 e−  Ca(s) + 2 OH−	−3.02	[11]
Rb+ + e−  Rb(s)	−2.98	[4]
K+ + e−  K(s)	−2.931	[5]
Mg+ + e−  Mg(s)	−2.93	[10]
Ba2+ + 2 e−  Ba(s)	−2.912	[5]
La(OH)3(s) + 3 e−  La(s) + 3OH−	−2.90	[5]
Fr+ +  e−  Fr(s)	−2.9	[11]
Sr2+ + 2 e−  Sr(s)	−2.899	[5]
Sr(OH)2(s) + 2 e−  Sr(s) + 2 OH−	−2.88	[11]
Ca2+ + 2 e−  Ca(s)	−2.868	[5]
Eu2+ + 2 e−  Eu(s)	−2.812	[5]
Ra2+ + 2 e−  Ra(s)	−2.8	[5]
Yb2+ + 2 e−  Yb(s)	−2.76	[11][1]
Na+ + e−  Na(s)	−2.71	[5][9]
Sm2+ + 2 e−  Sm(s)	−2.68	[11][1]
No2+ + 2 e−  No(s)	−2.50	[11]
HfO(OH)2(s) +  H2O + 4 e−  Hf(s) + 4 OH−	−2.50	[11]
Th(OH)4(s) + 4 e−  Th(s) + 4 OH−	−2.48	[11]
Md2+ + 2 e−  Md(s)	−2.40	[11]
La3+ + 3 e−  La(s)	−2.379	[5]
Y3+ + 3 e−  Y(s)	−2.372	[5]
Mg2+ + 2 e−  Mg(s)	−2.372	[5]
ZrO(OH)2(s) + H2O + 4 e−  Zr(s) + 4OH−	−2.36	[5]
Pr3+ + 3 e−  Pr(s)	−2.353	[11]
Ce3+ + 3 e−  Ce(s)	−2.336	[11]
Er3+ + 3 e−  Er(s)	−2.331	[11]
Ho3+ + 3 e−  Ho(s)	−2.33	[11]
Al(OH)4− + 3 e−  Al(s) + 4 OH−	−2.33
Al(OH)3(s) + 3 e−  Al(s) + 3OH−	−2.31
Tb3+ + 3 e−  Tb(s)	−2.28
H2(g) + 2 e−  2 H−	−2.25
Ac3+ + 3 e−  Ac(s)	−2.20
Be+ + e−  Be(s)	−2.12	[10]
Cf2+ + 2 e−  Cf(s)	−2.12	[11]
Am3+ + 3 e−  Am(s)	−2.048	[11]
Cf3+ + 3 e−  Cf(s)	−1.94	[11]
Am2+ + 2 e−  Am(s)	−1.9	[11]
Be2+ + 2 e−  Be(s)	−1.85
Rf4+ + 4 e−  Rf(s)	−1.67	[12]
U3+ + 3 e−  U(s)	−1.66	[7]
Al3+ + 3 e−  Al(s)	−1.66	[9]
Ti2+ + 2 e−  Ti(s)	−1.63	[9]
Bk2+ + 2 e−  Bk(s)	−1.6	[11]
ZrO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e−  Zr(s) + 2 H2O	−1.553	[5]
Hf4+ + 4 e−  Hf(s)	−1.55	[11]
Zr4+ + 4 e−  Zr(s)	−1.45	[5]
Ti3+ + 3 e−  Ti(s)	−1.37	[13]
TiO(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e−  Ti(s) +  H2O	−1.31
Ti2O3(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e−  2 TiO(s) +  H2O	−1.23
Zn(OH)42− + 2 e−  Zn(s) + 4 OH−	−1.199	[14]
Mn2+ + 2 e−  Mn(s)	−1.185	[14]
Fe(CN)64− + 6 H+ + 2  e−  Fe(s) + 4HCN(aq)	−1.16	[15]
V2+ + 2 e−  V(s)	−1.175	[2]
Te(s) + 2 e−  Te2−	−1.143	[2]
Nb3+ + 3 e−  Nb(s)	−1.099
Sn(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e−  SnH4(g)	−1.07
In(OH)3(s) + 3 e−  In(s) + 3 OH−	−0.99	[11]
SiO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e−  Si(s) + 2 H2O	−0.91
B(OH)3(aq) + 3 H+ + 3 e−  B(s) + 3 H2O	−0.89
Fe(OH)2(s) + 2 e−  Fe(s) + 2 OH−	−0.89	[15]
Fe2O3(s) + 3 H2O + 2 e−  2Fe(OH)2(s) + 2 OH−	−0.86	[15]
TiO2+ + 2 H+ + 4 e−  Ti(s) +  H2O	−0.86
2 H2O + 2 e−  H2(g) + 2 OH−	−0.8277	[5]
Bi(s) + 3 H+ + 3 e−  BiH3	−0.8	[14]
Zn2+ + 2 e−  Zn(Hg)	−0.7628	[5]
Zn2+ + 2 e−  Zn(s)	−0.7618	[5]
Ta2O5(s) + 10 H+ + 10 e−  2 Ta(s) + 5 H2O	−0.75
Cr3+ + 3 e−  Cr(s)	−0.74
[Au(CN)2]− + e−  Au(s) + 2 CN−	−0.60
Ta3+ + 3 e−  Ta(s)	−0.6
PbO(s) + H2O + 2 e−  Pb(s) + 2 OH−	−0.58
2 TiO2(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e−  Ti2O3(s) + H2O	−0.56
Ga3+ + 3 e−  Ga(s)	−0.53
U4+ + e−  U3+	−0.52	[7]
H3PO2(aq) + H+ + e−  P(白磷[16]) + 2 H2O	−0.508	[5]
H3PO3(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−  H3PO2(aq) + H2O	−0.499	[5]
H3PO3(aq) + 3 H+ + 3 e−  P(紅磷)[16] + 3H2O	−0.454	[5]
Fe2+ + 2 e−  Fe(s)	−0.44	[9]
2 CO2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e−  HOOCCOOH(aq)	−0.43
Cr3+ + e−  Cr2+	−0.42
Cd2+ + 2 e−  Cd(s)	−0.40	[9]
SeO32− + 4e− + 3H2O ⇌ Se + 6OH−	−0.37	[17]
GeO2(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e−  GeO(s) + H2O	−0.37
Cu2O(s) + H2O + 2 e−  2 Cu(s) + 2 OH−	−0.360	[5]
PbSO4(s) + 2 e−  Pb(s) + SO42−	−0.3588	[5]
PbSO4(s) + 2 e−  Pb(Hg) + SO42−	−0.3505	[5]
Eu3+ + e−  Eu2+	−0.35	[7]
In3+ + 3 e−  In(s)	−0.34	[2]
Tl+ + e−  Tl(s)	−0.34	[2]
Ge(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e−  GeH4(g)	−0.29
Co2+ + 2 e−  Co(s)	−0.28	[5]
H3PO4(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−  H3PO3(aq) + H2O	−0.276	[5]
V3+ + e−  V2+	−0.26	[9]
Ni2+ + 2 e−  Ni(s)	−0.25
As(s) + 3 H+ + 3 e−  AsH3(g)	−0.23	[2]
AgI(s) +  e−  Ag(s) + I−	−0.15224	[14]
MoO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e−  Mo(s) + 2 H2O	−0.15
Si(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e−  SiH4(g)	−0.14
Sn2+ + 2 e−  Sn(s)	−0.13
O2(g) + H+ + e−  HO2•(aq)	−0.13
Pb2+ + 2 e−  Pb(s)	−0.13	[9]
WO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e−  W(s) + 2 H2O	−0.12
P(紅磷) + 3 H+ + 3 e−  PH3(g)	−0.111	[5]
CO2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e−  HCOOH(aq)	−0.11
Se(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e−  H2Se(g)	−0.11
CO2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e−  CO(g) + H2O	−0.11
SnO(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e−  Sn(s) + H2O	−0.10
SnO2(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e−  SnO(s) + H2O	−0.09
WO3(aq) + 6 H+ + 6 e−  W(s) + 3 H2O	−0.09	[2]
P(白磷) + 3 H+ + 3 e−  PH3(g)	−0.063	[5]
Fe3+ + 3 e−  Fe(s)	−0.04	[15]
HCOOH(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−  HCHO(aq) + H2O	−0.03
2 H+ + 2 e−  H2(g)	−0.00	≡ 0
AgBr(s) +  e−  Ag(s) + Br−	+0.07133	[14]
S4O62− + 2 e−  2 S2O32−	+0.08
Fe3O4(s) + 8 H+ + 8 e−  3 Fe(s) + 4 H2O	+0.085	[8]
N2(g) + 2 H2O + 6H+ + 6 e−  2 NH4OH(aq)	+0.092
HgO(s) + H2O + 2 e−  Hg(l) + 2 OH−	+0.0977
Cu(NH3)42+ + e−  Cu(NH3)2+ + 2 NH3	+0.10	[2]
Ru(NH3)63+ + e−  Ru(NH3)62+	+0.10	[7]
N2H4(aq) + 4 H2O + 2 e−  2 NH4+ + 4 OH−	+0.11	[6]
H2MoO4(aq) + 6 H+ + 6 e−  Mo(s) + 4 H2O	+0.11
Ge4+ + 4 e−  Ge(s)	+0.12
C(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e−  CH4(g)	+0.13	[2]
HCHO(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−  CH3OH(aq)	+0.13
S(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e−  H2S(g)	+0.14
Sn4+ + 2 e−  Sn2+	+0.15
Cu2+ + e−  Cu+	+0.159	[2]
HSO4− + 3 H+ + 2 e−  SO2(aq) + 2 H2O	+0.16
UO22+ + e−  UO2+	+0.163	[7]
SO42− + 4 H+ + 2 e−  SO2(aq) + 2 H2O	+0.17
TiO2+ + 2 H+ + e−  Ti3+ + H2O	+0.19
Bi3+ + 2e−  Bi+	+0.2
SbO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e−  Sb(s) + H2O	+0.20
AgCl(s) +  e−  Ag(s) + Cl−	+0.22233	[14]
H3AsO3(aq) + 3 H+ + 3 e−  As(s) + 3 H2O	+0.24
GeO(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e−  Ge(s) + H2O	+0.26
UO2+ + 4 H+ + e−  U4+ + 2 H2O	+0.273	[7]
At2 + e−  2 At-	+0.3	[11]
Re3+ + 3 e−  Re(s)	+0.300
Bi3+ + 3 e−  Bi(s)	+0.32
VO2+ + 2 H+ + e−  V3+ + H2O	+0.34
Cu2+ + 2 e−  Cu(s)	+0.340	[2]
[Fe(CN)6]3− + e−  [Fe(CN)6]4−	+0.36
Tc2+ + 2 e−  Tc(s)	+0.40	[11]
O2(g) + 2 H2O + 4 e−  4 OH−(aq)	+0.40	[9]
H2MoO4 + 6 H+ + 3 e−  Mo3+ + 2 H2O	+0.43
Ru2+ + 2 e−  Ru(s)	+0.455	[11]
Bi+ + e−  Bi(s)	+0.50
CH3OH(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−  CH4(g) + H2O	+0.50
SO2(aq) + 4 H+ + 4 e−  S(s) + 2 H2O	+0.50
Cu+ + e−  Cu(s)	+0.520	[2]
CO(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e−  C(s) + H2O	+0.52
I3− + 2 e−  3 I−	+0.53	[9]
I2(s) + 2 e−  2 I−	+0.54	[9]
[AuI4]− + 3 e−  Au(s) + 4 I−	+0.56
H3AsO4(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−  H3AsO3(aq) + H2O	+0.56
[AuI2]− + e−  Au(s) + 2 I−	+0.58
MnO4− + 2 H2O + 3 e−  MnO2(s) + 4 OH−	+0.59
Rh+ + e−  Rh(s)	+0.600	[11]
S2O32 − + 6 H+ + 4 e−  2 S(s) + 3 H2O	+0.60
Fc+ +  e−  Fc(s)	+0.641	[18]
+  e−  Ag + −	+0.643	[11]
H2MoO4(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−  MoO2(s) + 2 H2O	+0.65
+ 2 H+ + 2 e−	+0.6992	[14]
O2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e−  H2O2(aq)	+0.70
Tl3+ + 3 e−  Tl(s)	+0.72
PtCl62− + 2 e−  PtCl42− + 2 Cl−	+0.726	[7]
H2SeO3(aq) + 4 H+ + 4 e−  Se(s) + 3 H2O	+0.74
Rh3+ + 3 e−  Rh(s)	+0.758	[11]
PtCl42− + 2 e−  Pt(s) + 4 Cl−	+0.758	[7]
Fe3+ + e−  Fe2+	+0.77
Ag+ + e−  Ag(s)	+0.7996	[5]
Hg22+ + 2 e−  2 Hg(l)	+0.80
NO3−(aq) + 2 H+ + e−  NO2(g) + H2O	+0.80
FeO42− + 5 H2O + 6 e−  Fe2O3(s) + 10  OH−	+0.81	[15]
H2(g) + 2 OH−  2 H2O + 2 e−	+0.828	[19]
[AuBr4]− + 3 e−  Au(s) + 4 Br−	+0.85
Hg2+ + 2 e−  Hg(l)	+0.85
MnO4− + H+ + e−  HMnO4−	+0.90
2 Hg2+ + 2 e−  Hg22+	+0.91	[2]
Pd2+ + 2 e−  Pd(s)	+0.915	[7]
[AuCl4]− + 3 e−  Au(s) + 4 Cl−	+0.93
MnO2(s) + 4 H+ + e−  Mn3+ + 2 H2O	+0.95
[AuBr2]− + e−  Au(s) + 2 Br−	+0.96
[HXeO6]3− + 2 H2O + 2 e− +  [HXeO4]− + 4  OH−	+0.99	[20]
HNO2 + H+ + e- = NO(g) + H2O	+0.996
H6TeO6(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−  TeO2(s) + 4 H2O	+1.02	[21]
Br2(l) + 2 e−  2 Br−	+1.07
Br2(aq) + 2 e−  2 Br−	+1.09	[9]
NO2(g) + H+ + e- = HNO2	+1.093
IO3− + 5 H+ + 4 e−  HIO(aq) + 2 H2O	+1.13
[AuCl2]− + e−  Au(s) + 2 Cl−	+1.15
HSeO4− + 3 H+ + 2 e−  H2SeO3(aq) + H2O	+1.15
Ir3+ + 3 e−  Ir(s)	+1.156	[11]
Ag2O(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e−  2 Ag(s) + H2O	+1.17
ClO3− + 2 H+ + e−  ClO2(g) + H2O	+1.18
[HXeO6]3− + 5 H2O + 8  e−  Xe(g) + 11 OH−	+1.18	[20]
Pt2+ + 2 e−  Pt(s)	+1.188	[7]
ClO2(g) + H+ + e−  HClO2(aq)	+1.19
2 IO3− + 12 H+ + 10 e−  I2(s) + 6 H2O	+1.20
ClO4− + 2 H+ + 2 e−  ClO3− + H2O	+1.20
O2(g) + 4 H+ + 4 e−  2 H2O	+1.229	[9]
MnO2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e−  Mn2+ + 2H2O	+1.23
[HXeO4]− + 3 H2O + 6  e−  Xe(g) + 7 OH−	+1.24	[20]
Tl3+ + 2 e−  Tl+	+1.25
Cr2O72 − + 14 H+ + 6 e−  2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O	+1.33
Cl2(g) + 2 e−  2 Cl−	+1.36	[9]
CoO2(s) + 4 H+ + e−  Co3+ + 2 H2O	+1.42
2 NH3OH+ + H+ + 2 e−  N2H5+ + 2 H2O	+1.42	[6]
2 HIO(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−  I2(s) + 2 H2O	+1.44
Ce4+ + e−  Ce3+	+1.44
BrO3− + 5 H+ + 4 e−  HBrO(aq) + 2 H2O	+1.45
β-PbO2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e−  Pb2+ + 2 H2O	+1.460	[2]
α-PbO2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e−  Pb2+ + 2 H2O	+1.468	[2]
2 BrO3− + 12 H+ + 10 e−  Br2(l) + 6 H2O	+1.48
2ClO3− + 12 H+ + 10 e−  Cl2(g) + 6 H2O	+1.49
HO2 + H+ + e−  H2O2	+1.495	[11]
MnO4− + 8 H+ + 5 e−  Mn2+ + 4 H2O	+1.51
HO2• + H+ + e−  H2O2(aq)	+1.51
Au3+ + 3 e−  Au(s)	+1.52
NiO2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e−  Ni2+ + 2 OH−	+1.59
2 HClO(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−  Cl2(g) + 2 H2O	+1.63
Ag2O3(s) + 6 H+ + 4 e−  2 Ag+ + 3 H2O	+1.67
HClO2(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−  HClO(aq) + H2O	+1.67
Pb4+ + 2 e−  Pb2+	+1.69	[2]
MnO4− + 4 H+ + 3 e−  MnO2(s) + 2 H2O	+1.70
AgO(s) + 2 H+ + e−  Ag+ + H2O	+1.77
H2O2(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−  2 H2O	+1.776
Co3+ + e−  Co2+	+1.82
Au+ + e−  Au(s)	+1.83	[2]
BrO4− + 2 H+ + 2 e−  BrO3− + H2O	+1.85
Ag2+ + e−  Ag+	+1.98	[2]
S2O82− + 2 e−  2 SO42−	+2.07
O3(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e−  O2(g) + H2O	+2.075	[7]
HMnO4− + 3 H+ + 2 e−  MnO2(s) + 2 H2O	+2.09
XeO3(aq) + 6 H+ + 6  e−  Xe(g) + 3 H2O	+2.12	[20]
H4XeO6(aq) + 8 H+ + 8  e−  Xe(g) + 6  H2O	+2.18	[20]
FeO42− + 3 e− + 8 H+  Fe3+ + 4 H2O	+2.20	[22]
XeF2(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−  Xe(g) + 2HF(aq)	+2.32	[20]
H4XeO6(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e−  XeO3(aq) +  H2O	+2.42	[20]
F2(g) + 2 e−  2 F−	+2.87	[2][9]
F2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e−  2 HF(aq)	+3.05	[2]
Tb4+ +  e−  Tb3+	+3.05	[11]

資料來源：維基百科